甘肃高台县第一中学 高 翔
一、作人称代词
(一)用于代替上文提到过的事物或整个句子所表述的事实。
This little dog is very lovely. It belongs to my neighbour.那只小狗很可爱,是我邻居的。
(二)用于指代人
1.指代说话者心目中不太清楚的那个人,常在打电话或敲门时用。
—Who’s knocking at the door?谁在敲门?
2.指代性别不详的婴幼儿或在不计较性别时,也可用it来指人。
(三)用于代替指示代词this和that
练习1 完成句子
1.你不能吃蛋糕,那是我的。
You can’t eat the cake and it´s_mine.
2.汤姆考试没及格。你听说了吗?
Tom has failed in the exam. Have_you_heard_of_it?
二、作非人称代词
it有时并不指具体的东西,而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等,称为非人称代词it。
It’s over 200 miles from London to Manchester.从伦敦到曼彻斯特有200多英里。
练习2 写出下列句中it指代的内容
1.It was 12 o´clock when they came out of the hall.时间
2.It’s damp and cold. I think it´s going to rain.天气
三、作形式主语
当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们置于句末作真正的主语,而使用it作形式主语。
(一)代替动词不定式
常用句型为:
1.It be+adj.+of sb. to do sth.
该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语,如果不定式的逻辑主语由of引起,句中的形容词必须是表示逻辑主语特征的形容词(即句中的形容词是修饰逻辑主语的)。常见的形容词有bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, good (好心的), honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice, polite, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong等。
2.It be+adj.+for sb. to do sth.
该句型与上一个同属一个句型。不定式的逻辑主语由for引起,形容词常表示重要性,紧迫性,频繁程度,难易,安全等情况(即句中的形容词是修饰动词不定式的)。常见的形容词有important, necessary, natural, easy, safe, common, normal, hard, difficult, dangerous, unusual, impossible, pleasant等。
3.It takes sb. some time to do sth.做某事要花费某人一段时间。
4.It be+adj.+to do sth.
(二)代替动名词
常用句型为:
It’s useless/(of) no use/(of)no good doing sth.
该句型常译为“做……也是徒然的/没有益处的”,句中的动名词短语是真正的主语,表语可以是no use(=not any use), no good(= not any good)等。
(三)代替主语从句
常用句型为:
1.It be+形容词(clear, possible, obvious, certain, difficult, likely, important ...)+主语从句。
2.It be+v.ed(said, reported, thought, believed, hoped, known, decided ...)+主语从句。
3.It be+名词(a pity, a shame, a surprise, an honour, a fact, a good thing ...)+主语从句
4.Ithappens(seems/looks/appears/occurs to sb.) that
练习 3 完成句子
1.完成句子
①跟他争论这件事是没有用的。It_is_no_use_arguing_about the matter with him.
②奇怪的是你竟然能在如此短的时间内完成如此艰巨的任务。It’s_a_wonder_that you could finish such a hard task in such a short time.
2.句型转换
①That he doesn’t like it is very clear.
→It is very clear that he doesn´t like it.
②He is said to have gone abroad.
→It is said that he has gone abroad.
③It’s important that she (should) come to the party.
→It’s important for her to come to the party.
④He happened to be working at that time.
→It happened that he was working at that time.
四、作形式宾语
1.用于“主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中:当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语从句时,常使用it作形式宾语,而往往把真正的宾语——不定式、动名词或宾语从句置于补足语之后。
They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time.他们认为在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是困难的。
He made it clear that he hated me.他表达得很明确,他讨厌我。
[点津]为了便于记忆,可以把该句型称为“6123结构”:6指的是句中常用的六个谓语动词:think/believe/consider/feel/find/make;1指的是形式宾语it;2指的是宾语补足语的两种形式:形容词或名词;3指的是真正宾语的三种形式:不定式、动名词或宾语从句。
2.在动词appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love等后代替if或when等引导的从句。
I would appreciate it if you could come.
如果你能来我会很感激。
3.在动词have(表明;坚持说),take(认为;猜想),hide(隐瞒), publish (公布), put(表达;写出来)等后代替that引导的宾语从句。
I take it that you don’t agree with me.
我认为你不同意我的见解。
4.在短语动词answer for (担保),count on (期待), depend on, insist on, see to (确保)等后代替that引导的宾语从句。