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例谈高中英语课堂词汇教学

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江苏教育学院附属高级中学 王新艳

词汇是语言的重要组成部分,英语学习者词汇量的多少直接影响其听说读写等其他能力的提高。《英语课程标准》要求学生掌握3500个单词左右,这个任务着实会让学生吓一跳,教师也觉得头疼。学生老是抱怨单词太多了,记不住,教师也老是埋怨学生记单词差,记住了很快又忘了,需要不断地默写批改。在这周而复始地过程中,学生与教师都感觉到这样做又累又没有效果。教师在词汇教学上是否可以进行一些改变,走出词汇教学的瓶颈呢?

一、教学实践探索

(一)分层布置任务

在教新单词时,笔者采用分层布置任务的方法。为了让学生掌握其用法,笔者让学生自我选择,学困生可以背新学的单词中几句经典的例句,中等生可以用新学的几个重点单词造句,英语特长生则可以小组合作编一个小故事或对话等。这种任务的布置不仅满足了不同层次的学生的需求,而且极大地激发了学生学习英语词汇的兴趣,并且能亲历成功。以下是笔者教学中曾经出现的一个例子。

Last year, bird flu spread quickly in many parts of the world. A large number of people were infected with the virus,and some even died of it. It was reported that the f____ was increasing as summer a_____. Word came that there was a suspected case in a village. All the villagers thought it was their r_____ to prevent the disease from spreading. So they held a meeting,d____ whether they should cut back on the p_____ of their egg products. Some villagers said they were w____ to kill their hens,which l_____ eggs every day,if it would be b_____ to the health of the villagers. But other villagers argued that they could take other e____ measures to protect themselves instead of killing their hens.

(keys: figure,approached,responsibility,debating,production,willing,laid,beneficial,effective)

(二)学生参与设计

在上词汇的复习课时,笔者让一些学生参与设计。以下是一组学生在教师指导下设计的有关way的词组的用法。

At last,the company ________ the workers’ demand for a salary raise.

Don’t stand ________.

He was ______ to the airport when his car broke down.

Only ________ can we work out the problem.

________,where’s the nearest post office?

You are correct ________.

You should ________ an ambulance when driving.

The girl ________ in the dark street,and she found no one to turn to for help.

The students climbed ________ up to the top of the mountain.

Mum,can I play computer games for another two hours? —________!

(keys: 1.gave way to 2.in the way 3.on his way 4.in this way 5.By the way 6.in a way 7.make way for 8.lost her way 9.all the way 10.No way)

有时候,为了调节气氛,也可以让学生小组合作来学习词汇。比如,我们可以要求每个组写出六个含有前缀“eco”的词,再让学生以“Eco-tourism”为主题,以四人一个小组为单位,在十分钟内写出包含“eco”词的短文来比赛,看哪个小组写得又多又好。这样,既激发了学生学单词的兴趣,又在活用中、在情景中运用了这些单词。这正好体现了《普通高中英语课程标准》的精神,符合现代社会对人才的培养方向,即:Learn how to learn and learn how to do team work(学会学习,学会合作)。

(三)课标词汇分类

笔者引导学生把课标词汇根据不同内容归类。

如与气候相关的词有:calm,climate,cloudy,dry,fine,flood,fog,foggy,rain,rainy,rough,snow,storm,thunder,thunderstorm,typhoon,weather,weatherman,wet,wind等。

与旅行相关的词有camp,departure,hotel,inn,journey,luggage,passage,passenger,picnic,sightseeing,stay,strike,tent,tour,tourist,travel,traveler,trip,umbrella等。

与食物相关的有beef,butter,cheese,cream,egg,food,juice,meat,milk,roast,snack,snack bar,bake,bakery,bean,biscuit,bread,cake,candy,chocolate,corn,dumpling,grain,hamburger,loaf,pie,potato,rice,sandwich,wheat,wine等。

与餐饮相关的有bar,bowl,café,cafeteria,chew,cook,cooker,diet,dine,dinner,dish,drink,eat,feed,glass,hungry,lunch,meal,menu,reception,restaurant,saucer,soup,spoon,starvation,starve,steam,swallow,thirsty,waiter,waitress等。

在复习与某一话题相关的单词时,我们还可以尝试着加入与这一话题相关的句型与设置情景。

(四)情景创设任务

学习单词的形式可以多样,关键还需要教师的智慧,看跟什么结合,刚才讲了根据内容分类,情景中运用词组,也可以结合主题学词汇。以下是另外一种方法,比如学生学习“Organs of the body”时,可以补充含有身体部位词的相关谚语,以此培养学生的拓展性联想思维活动,这也同样能收到良好的效果。

在下列谚语中填入一个关于人体部位或器官的名词,翻译成汉语。

1. Two ________ are better than one.

2. Justice has long ________.

3. Many ________ make light work.

4. Lies have short ________.

5. A merry ________ goes all the way.

6. A good fame is better than a good ________.

7. An ______ for an ________ and a tooth for a tooth.

8. Good medicine tastes bitter to the ________.

9. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the ___.

10. Walls have ________.

Keys:

1. heads 三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮。

2. arms 天网恢恢,疏而不漏。

3. hands 众人拾柴火焰高。

4. legs 谎言长不了。

5. mind 心旷神怡,诸事顺利。

6. face 美名胜过美貌。

7. eye; eye 以眼还眼,以牙还牙。

8. mouth 良药苦口利于病。

9. body 读书健脑,运动健身。

10. ears 隔墙有耳。

这种在上下文情境中创设任务的学习词汇的方式,避免了原先只有枯燥的任务式的讲解与默写,使得词汇教学充满了趣味性与灵动性,不仅能调动学生的积极性,更能在教学过程中创设和谐、民主、幽默、开放、活泼的教学氛围,有利于学生创新思维能力的形成。

再如,在复习到不同的颜色时,笔者想到《普通高中英语课程标准》所强调的:在教学中应处理好英语教学与文化教学的关系。在备课时,笔者补充更多的关于颜色的习惯用语,以此来拓宽学生的思维。如:in the red(亏损),a red-letter day(好日子),red ruin(火灾),red sky(彩霞),red carpet treatment(受到款待),in the black(盈利),black and blue(青一块,紫一块的),feel blue(不开心,难过),blue book(蓝皮书),blue-sky market(露天市场),blue-collar workers(蓝领阶层),green with envy(嫉妒),a green hand(新手),green fingers(擅长园艺),green-eyed monster(嫉妒),a white elephant(无用却昂贵的东西),white lie(善意的谎言),white night(不眠之夜)等等。

(五)贴近实际生活

笔者在教学中,尽量用学生、学校、日常生活等学生所熟悉的东西来举例,使学生有话能讲,这样生成的机会比较多。比如,有一次,笔者讲到compare...to这一词组时,便让学生造句,学生可谓是八仙过海,各显神通,精彩句子纷呈,而笔者及时与学生互动,笔者与学生幽默的对白不仅让课堂笑声盈盈,也让学生学习英语的兴趣、开口的兴致更高:

S1: I’d like to compare you to a candle.

T: That’s not my favorite,for a candle usually burns up in a short while. And I’m confident that I’m full of energy.(这一下子吊起了学生的胃口,很多学生跃跃欲试,很有默契地开始竞争,看谁的比喻好)

S2: Then I’d like to compare you to a gardener.

T: That is to say,you compare yourselves to beautiful flowers.(学生感觉很轻松,开始大笑,但同时积极动脑)

S3: I always compare you to a book. T: Why?

S3: Because I can get a lot of knowledge from you.

T: In other words,you can also compare me to a computer. I’m not interested in that. You see,either a book or a computer has no life. What a terrible thing it is!

这种贴近学生实际生活的生成,才能使学生保持学习英语的兴趣,并能满足各种层次学生的需要。

(六)词汇、写作结合

把课文阅读理解和话题写作结合起来,学了课文《网络犯罪》后,结合课文设计了如下话题:随着科技的发展,网络犯罪成了世界性的问题,给全世界造成了越来越大的危害。现状是个人用户:病毒损坏电脑,信息丢失,被骗钱;大公司和政府部门:安全系统遭入侵,数据被盗,重要秘密泄露;原因:一是个人缺乏安全意识,容易轻信网络的信息;二是政府还未立法,法律有漏洞;三是国际上没有立法标准,难以追踪跨国犯罪分子。最后提出两点建议。

参考范文:

With the development of science and technology,cybercrime has become a worldwide problem,which has been doing a greater and greater harm to the whole world.

Cybercrime has affected all the Internet users. Many individuals find their computers broken and information gone because of the speed of computer viruses.(下转第51页) (上接第40页)Some users are cheated of much money on the Internet. Big companies and government departments have had their security systems broken into. As a result,important data and secrets have been stolen and leaked. This has made all the Internet users suffer a heavy loss.

There are 3 factors accounting for the terrible crime. Firstly,individual users are commonly lacking in security awareness. They are easily convinced of false information online. Secondly,many governments haven’t yet passed laws against cybercrime and there are many holes in their legal systems. Finally,international standards haven’t been set,so it is hard to catch criminals across borders.

In my opinion,in a bid to secure our online security,we should put strict laws in place to fight against cybercrime. In addition,we must strengthen international cooperation so that we can keep up with the advances in technology used by the criminals.

二、思考

(一)词汇教学应尽量创设情境

词汇教学同时应指导记忆方法,充分利用搭配、同义、近义、反义、释义和联想等方法。初次感知就应调动“通感”记忆,做到“眼到、口到、耳到、手到、心到”。词汇学习应“集中识记、分散巩固、句子运用、语篇复现”。当然,词汇量的扩大主要还要靠广泛的阅读来实现。

(二)教师要不断探寻词汇教学的方法

像上面提到的教学实例,教师在平时的课堂英语情境的设计中,应注重时间、空间、学生、学校等学生非常熟悉的情境,让学生感觉亲切自然,有话好说。同时,把国内外的大事,新闻中出现的故事等融入其中,让学生有这样一种好奇感。这样,学生不仅在词汇方面得到了拓展与提高,在情感价值观方面也得到了充分的熏陶。笔者认为他们所经历的这种情感的熏陶、成功的经历是每个教师在备课时都应该充分考虑的。

笔者非常欣赏这样一句话:“教育是一项事业,事业的意义在于献身;教育是一门科学,科学的意义在于求真;教育是一门艺术,艺术的意义在于创新。”要走的路还很长,教学中的困惑还很多,要解决的问题也很多,但只要我们不懈地努力,我们在教学上会一点点地进步。