湖北省荆州市荆南中学 余新桥
虚拟语气在英文中作为一种修辞手法,它在语言的表达上寓意深刻,手法巧妙,耐人寻味。虚拟语气经常用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测以及建议、主张等,也可以出现在用来表达喜、怒、哀、乐等情感浓厚的语句中。同时,在许多情况下,虚拟语气使说话人的语气显得委婉,能使说话人把自己的想法巧妙地进行表达。因此,在中学阶段让学生对虚拟语气有一定的掌握并达到运用的水平至关重要。
一、 含有虚拟条件状语的虚拟句
(一)条件表示与过去事实相反。条件句中用过去完成时态,主句中用四选一情态动词(should、 could、 would、 might)加动词不定式的完成时态。例如:If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed the final test. 如果当时你努力的话,你就能轻松地通过期末考试。事实是你没有努力。
(二)条件表示与现在事实相反。条件句中用一般过去式(系动词be用were),主句中用四选一的情态动词加动词原形。 例如: If I had a map now, we could easily get out of the forest.(该句意味着说话者现在没有地图) If I were you, I would choose to work in the small town( 该句意味着说话者建议对方去小镇工作.)
(三)条件表示将来很难成为现实。条件句中通常有三种时态可供选择:A.过去式; B.should 加动词原形; C.were to加动词原形。主句中用四选一情态动词加动词形。B和C 往往表示的意思是“万一”、“要是” 例如: If I were to do the job,I would do it in a different way.(如果我来做这个工作,我会以完全不同的方式去做) 事实是我可能不去做这项工作。If you should have any trouble,you could come to my office.(万一你有任何麻烦,你可以到我办公室来。)事实是你可能没有太大麻烦 。If he were not to come on time,you should have to be in charge of the meeting.(如果他万一不能按时到,你就不得不负责主持这次会议)
学生在做含有虚拟条件状语从句的虚拟句时必须注意以下情况:
部分倒装代替虚拟子句。例如,A. Had we taken a map with us,we could have easily found the area.(If we had taken a map with us,….)
B. Were I you,I would go to his party.(If I were you,… .) 如果条件句中有直接能向前提而形成部分倒装的句子(如系动词、助动词、情态动词),就用部分到装代替虚拟子句,否则就不能倒装。例如,If he lived here. …就不能改写成 Did he live here,…。
混合时态。这里的混合时态是指条件句中假设的情况时态与结果主句的时态不一致。例如:If I had taken your advice ,I wouldn’t be in trouble now.(如果我当时听取你的建议,我现在就不会有麻烦了) 此句条件句假设与过去事实相反,而结果主句描述的是与现在事实相反的情况。类似的句子在英文中经常出现,希望同学们多留意。 If she were to leave,I would have heard about it.(如果他要走,我早就会听说了)此句条件句是对将来的虚拟,主句是对过去的虚拟。
含蓄虚拟条件句。所谓含蓄虚拟条件句就是没有条件句,而有结果主句,条件句可以用一个介词、并列连词、分词短语、或上下文语境等来表示。例如 without ,otherwise,but for,but 等。例如:Without your help,we couldn’t have finished the work on time.( In fact,with your help we finished the work on time. ) 在这个虚拟句中说话人主要表达了对帮助者的感激之情。 But for your advice(=If it hadn’t been for your advice),I wouldn’t have made such great progress.(说话者非常感谢对方的建议)Having known earlier,we would have stopped such a thing from happening.(having known earlier= if we had known earlier,….) I would have gone to the cinema together with you last night,but I was too busy.(说话者为自己由于太忙而没能跟对方一起去看电影感到非常惋惜)
——He would have failed in the experiment last time.
——Luckily,he followed your advice.(说话者暗示要是他没有听从你的建议的话,他就会实验失败了)
二、现在假设语气
现在假设语气也是一种虚拟语气,它主要用于表达人们的建议、主张、命令等强烈主观愿望的句子中。现在假设语气的结构是 should +动词原形(should 常省略,动词原形有主动与被动语态的差别,但没有其它时态的变化)。请仔细观察下列句子:
He suggested that we(should) start off at once.(通常能跟这样宾语从句的动词有:command,desire,demand,order,propose,request,insist 等)
It was suggested that we(should) start off at once.(现在假设语气在主语从句中)
He raised a suggestion that we(should) start off at once. (现在假设语气在同位语从句中)
以上三个句子从句型结构上看起来是完全不一样的,但表达的意思基本一样,只是有不同的侧重。只要仔细研究一个词的不同变化形式,就可以以点带面去解决许多问题。现在假设语气常出现在下面的主语从句中: It is natural / strange / important / necessary /vital/essential that 引导的主语从句中。 例如:It is strange that he(should)be so rude. It is important that we(should)think twice before we decide. It is necessary that you(should)take plenty of exercise every day.
三、特殊结构的虚拟语气
(一)(somebody)wish that 宾语从句中的时态根据实际情况向过去推一步,wish 在此只用于表达现在的愿望,也就是说它只用于现在时态,而过去时态(下转第30页)(上接第24页)另当别论。例如: How I wish I had been here yesterday so I could have seen their wonderful performance.(作者在此句中表达了因为自己昨天不在这里而错过了观看他们精彩的表演机会感到遗憾)He wishes he lived here so that he could enjoy the beautiful scenery every day.(在此句中,作者用虚拟语气表达了他对这儿的美景的留恋)
(二)As if / though 既可以引导方式、方法状语从句,也可以在look 和seem 后引导表语从句。在引导方式方法状语从句时,从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,当主句谓语动词用现在时态时,as if / though 从句中的谓语动词向过去推一步。这个虚拟语气的安排和上面wish后面接 that从句中的虚拟语气在主从句中的用法一样,只适用于主句或主要描述内容是现在时态时的情况,过去时态另当别论。在系动词look或seem之后引导表语从句时,一般用陈述语气,但是当说话者明显表达的是与事实不符的情况时,还是要用虚拟语气。要想掌握这一点,就需要读者抓住细节描述,根据具体上下文的意思来确定。例如He talked as if they had met before.(事实上他们过去并没有见过)She talks aloud as if she knew everything.(事实上她现在并不是知道一切)It looks as if it is going to rain.(与事实相符)It looks as if a stick were broken when it is partly put in water.(事实上棍子并没有断)It seems as if the car has broken down.(与事实相符)
(三)It is time that 从句中的谓语动词一般用过去式。 例如: It is time that we had a rest. 此句表达的意思是:尽管到我们休息的时间了,但由于某种原因而不能。我们通常在陈述语气的表达中使用的句型结构是:It is time(for somebody)to do something. 当 It is time that 句型表达的是一种不受客观条件限制的建议时,That 从句中也可以用现在假设语气。例如:it is time that we had a rest.(这里should不可省略)
(四)Somebody would rather someone did something.
例如: I would rather you didn’t smoke.(此句表达的意思是:我宁愿你不抽烟,但是我的想法很难变为现实)I would rather you hadn’t let out the secret.( 此句表达的意思是:我宁愿你没有泄漏秘密,但是事实是你已经泄漏了)
(五)虚拟语气用于祝愿或诅咒语中。在祝愿或诅咒语中没有人称变化的谓语动词或到装形式 例如:God bless me!(愿上帝保佑我!)May you be happy!(祝你快乐!)Long live peace!(和平万岁)
(栏目责任编辑:郭三玲)