摘 要:目的 对比氨甲环酸(TXA)不同静脉给药方式对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)后路矫形术中出血量的影响及安全性。方法 2017年1月—2020年3月,廊坊市第四人民医院采用脊柱后路矫形术治疗AIS患者120例,按照随机数字表法分为3组,每组40例。A组切开皮肤前15 min静脉滴注TXA 30 mg/kg;B组切开皮肤前15 min静脉滴注TXA 15 mg/kg,术中给予TXA 10 mg/(kg·h)维持至术毕;C组围手术期不使用TXA。比较3组手术时间、术中出血量、异体血输注量、晶体输注量、胶体输注量、术后输血率、术后引流量及手术前后血红蛋白(Hb)水平、D-二聚体(D-D)水平等指标,并记录并发症发生情况。结果 所有手术顺利完成。A、B组术中出血量、异体血输注量、胶体输注量、术后输血率、术后1 d引流量低于C组,术后各时间点Hb水平高于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05);以上指标A、B组组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。3组术后各时间点D-D水平均较术前明显升高,术后1 d达到最高值,之后逐渐下降;术后各时间点A、B组D-D水平低于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05);A、B组组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。所有患者切口愈合良好,术后双下肢血管超声检查未见深静脉血栓形成。术后电话随访均未出现相关并发症。结论 术前TXA足够剂量静脉滴注可取得与首次负荷量联合术中维持量静脉滴注相同的止血效果,无安全隐患,术前单剂量静脉滴注在操作上更为简便,值得推广应用。
关键词:青少年 脊柱侧凸 氨甲环酸 出血,手术 手术后并发症
Effect of different intravenous administration of tranexamic acid on intraoperative blood loss in posterior orthopaedic surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Yan Hui Liu Moxuan Zhang Hongying Yuan Jianru Yang Yufen
Department of Pediatrics,Fourth People's Hospital of Langfang; Department of Pharmacy,Fourth People's Hospital of Langfang; Department of Nursing,Fourth People's Hospital of Langfang;
Abstract:Objective To compare the efficacy and safety between different intravenous administration methods of tranexamic acid(TXA) in reducing blood loss during posterior orthopaedic surgery in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS) patients. Methods Clinical data of 120 patients with AIS who underwent posterior spinal orthopaedic surgery in the Fourth People's Hospital of Langfang from January 2017 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into 3 groups according to random number table method,with 40 cases in each group. Group A were given TXA 30 mg/kg intravenously 15 min before skin incision;group B were given TXA 15 mg/kg intravenously 15 min before skin incision,and TXA 10 mg/(kg·h) was given intraoperatively until the end of surgery;group C were not given TXA during perioperative period.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,allogeneic blood transfusion,crystalloid infusion,colloid infusion,postoperative blood transfusion rate,postoperative drainage volume,and the level of hemoglobin(Hb) and D-dimer(D-D) before and after surgery were compared between the 3 groups,and the incidence of complications were recorded. Results All the operations were completed successfully. The intraoperative blood loss,allogeneic blood transfusion,colloid infusion,postoperative blood transfusion rate and postoperative drainage volume at postoperative 1 d in groups A and B were lower than those in group C,and the Hb level in groups A and B were higher than that of group C at all time point,and the differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05). There was no statistical significance in the difference of above indexes between group A and B(P > 0.05). D-D level in the 3 groups was significantly higher than that before surgery at all time points,and reached the highest value on the first day after surgery,and then decreased gradually;the D-D level in groups A and B was lower than that in group C at all time points after operation,with a statistical significance(P < 0.05);and there was no significant difference between group A and group B(P > 0.05). The incision healing was good in all the patients,and no deep vein thrombosis was found in the postoperative vascular ultrasound examination of lower limbs. Postoperative telephone follow-up showed no complications. Conclusions Preoperative adequate dose of TXA intravenous infusion can achieve the same hemostasis effect as the initial load combined with intraoperative maintenance dose intravenous infusion. Preoperative single-dose intravenous infusion is simpler in operation and worthy of wider clincal application.
Keyword:Adolescent; Scoliosis; Tranexamic acid; Blood loss,surgical; Postoperative complications;
青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)是特发性脊柱侧凸的一种常见类型,约占全部特发性脊柱侧凸的80%,以女性多见,其发生机制复杂,病情进展快速,不仅影响躯体形态,还会影响心肺功能[1]。后路矫形手术为治疗AIS的主要术式,但手术时间长、创伤大、出血量多,尽管术中可借助控制性降压、血液稀释、自体输血等保护措施减少术中出血量和异体血输注量,但仍有很多患者需要输血治疗。如何减少手术引起的大量出血是临床亟待解决的问题之一。纤溶系统抑制药物氨甲环酸(TXA)可有效封闭纤溶酶原上的赖氨酸结合位点,通过竞争性抑制纤维蛋白与纤溶酶原结合来限制纤溶活性,从而产生止血作用[2]。TXA目前已广泛应用于髋、膝关节置换术中,并已显现出优良的止血效果,且不增加静脉血栓的发生风险[3-4]。近年来,TXA在脊柱手术中的应用逐渐增多,但其在脊柱侧凸矫形手术中的使用方式仍不统一。本研究旨在比较TXA不同静脉给药方式对AIS患者后路矫形术中出血量的影响,并探讨其安全性,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
纳入标准:(1)初次接受后路矫形手术;(2)诊断为Lenke 1型AIS[5];(3)术前Cobb角40°~60°;(4)无心、肝、肾等重要脏器基础疾病,凝血功能正常;(5)术前血红蛋白(Hb)>100 g/L,D-二聚体(D-D)水平正常;(6)无TXA过敏及其他禁忌证。排除标准:(1)合并血液、神经系统疾病或恶性肿瘤;(2)近期接受抗凝药物治疗或血栓疾病史。按照上述标准,纳入2017年1月—2020年3月在廊坊市第四人民医院采用脊柱后路矫形术治疗的AIS患者120例,采用随机数字表法分为3组,每组40例,3组患者术前一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1),具有可比性。本研究经廊坊市第四人民医院伦理委员会批准(KY201909)。研究用药TXA为1.0 g/支(国药准字H20051591),术前告知患者TXA静脉给药方式,所有患者知情同意并签署知情同意书。
表1 3组患者一般资料
1.2 方法
A组切开皮肤前15 min静脉滴注TXA 30 mg/kg;B组切开皮肤前15 min静脉滴注TXA 15 mg/kg,术中给予TXA 10 mg/(kg·h)维持至术毕;C组围手术期不使用TXA。当患者围手术期Hb<70 g/L或存在头晕、心悸、精神萎靡等贫血症状时,考虑输注异体血。停止输注异体血指征:患者全身情况良好,神志清楚,肢端转暖,肤色转红润,无口渴、冷汗或晕厥等;复查Hb、红细胞比容无继续下降;血压、脉搏平稳。术后引流量<50 m L/d时拔除引流管。术后2 d嘱患者多做翻身和抬腿活动,预防深静脉血栓形成。
1.3 观察指标
记录3组手术时间、术中出血量、异体血(悬浮红细胞)输注量、晶体输注量、胶体输注量、术后输血率、术后引流量及手术前后Hb水平、D-D水平等相关指标。同时记录患者切口愈合情况,于术后1 d、7 d行双下肢血管超声,检查有无深静脉血栓形成。术后4周电话随访恢复情况及并发症发生情况。术中出血量(m L)=吸引器中液体量-术中冲洗液量+纱布垫增加净重。纱布垫增加净重(m L)=[使用后纱布垫重量(g)-使用前纱布垫重量(g)]÷1.05。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 21.0软件对数据进行统计分析。计量资料采用S-W法检验是否符合正态分布,不符合正态分布的计量资料经对数转换为正态分布,以表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以率表示,采用χ2检验;以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
所有手术顺利完成。A、B组术中出血量、异体血输注量、胶体输注量、术后输血率、术后1 d引流量低于C组,术后各时间点Hb水平高于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,表2);以上指标A、B组组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。3组术后各时间点D-D水平均较术前明显升高,术后1 d达到最高值,之后逐渐下降;术后各时间点A、B组D-D水平低于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,表2);A、B组组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。所有患者切口愈合良好,术后双下肢血管超声检查未见深静脉血栓形成。术后电话随访均未出现症状性栓塞、心肾功能损伤、癫痫等并发症。
表2 3组患者统计数据
3 讨论
TXA属于减少术后出血量和异体血输注量的Ⅰ类A级抗纤溶药,可紧密吸附、逆性结合在纤溶酶原及纤溶酶赖氨酸结合位点上,竞争性抑制纤维蛋白与纤溶酶之间的相互作用,从而阻止纤溶酶将纤维蛋白降解[6]。小剂量TXA即能阻滞纤溶酶原活化过程,大剂量TXA则可减缓血凝块的降解速度,从而产生明显的止血作用[7]。近年来,TXA在脊柱外科领域中的应用逐渐增多,但与膝、髋关节置换术相比,应用研究仍显不足,尤其在用法、用量等方面不尽一致。脊柱外科手术中TXA最常用的给药途径为静脉滴注,主要用法为单次或多次给药[8]。单次给药方法为切开皮肤前15~30 min给药10~30 mg/kg或一次性给药1~2 g;多次给药方法为首次给药联合后续给药,后续给药包括术中维持量给药及术后不同时间点给药[9-10]。
理论上,在纤溶系统激活前应用TXA并保持有效浓度,其止血效果明显优于纤溶系统激活后的用药效果[11]。目前主流研究提倡术前用药,但是否需要联合其他时间段用药仍存在争议。有研究[12]显示,术前TXA 1 g静脉滴注继以术中TXA 100 mg/kg·h维持至术毕的用药方案可显著减少术中出血量及术后输血量。Endres等[13]的研究表明,术前静脉滴注TXA 1 g联合术后6、12 h分别静脉滴注TXA 1 g的给药方案具有明显的止血效果。而Sethna等[14]的研究表明,术前单次足量给药可充分发挥TXA的抗纤溶作用,使接受脊柱侧凸手术的儿童患者围手术期出血量明显减少,无需术中持续给药。Ker等[15]的研究表明,在脊柱手术中一次性应用总剂量为1 g的TXA即可获得较好的止血效果。张伟等[16]在AIS后路矫形术中将20 mg/kg TXA于切开皮肤前15 min单次剂量静脉输注,结果显示,患者围手术期出血量和术后输血率明显减少,且不增加术后血栓形成的风险。另有研究[17]比较术前单次静脉滴注TXA15 mg/kg(对照组)与术后7 h再次给药1 g(观察组)对老年股骨转子间骨折患者出血量的影响,结果表明,2组隐性出血量无明显差异。本研究结果显示,与术中持续输注相比,术前单次给药对术中液体治疗无干扰,或可避免多种药物间相互作用而产生的不良反应。
既往研究表明,TXA不同剂量所产生的止血效果不尽相同。一项随机临床试验[18]结果显示,术前单次剂量TXA 10 mg/kg用药组与空白对照组在术中出血量方面差异无统计学意义;另有研究[19]显示,将负荷量10 mg/kg联合术中维持量1 mg/(kg·h)的小剂量TXA方案用于脊柱外科手术中,试验组围手术期出血量低于安慰剂组,但2组输血率差异无统计学意义。一项荟萃分析[20]将TXA不能产生明显止血药理效应归因于剂量太小,之后有较多研究[21-23]证实了这一结论,大剂量TXA能够获得更佳的止血效果,并可不同程度降低输血率。基于上述研究,本研究中A、B组均使用较大剂量TXA,结果显示,A、B组术中出血量、异体血输注量、胶体输注量、术后1 d引流量、术后输血率均低于C组,术后Hb水平高于C组,术后D-D水平低于C组;以上指标A、B组比较,差异无统计学意义;以上结果表明,A组术前足量单剂给药方案与B组首次给药联合术中维持量给药方案均可取得良好的止血效果,但术前单剂给药在操作上更为简便,临床应用价值更高。
TXA具有对纤溶系统的抑制作用,理论上可增加血栓形成的发生风险[24],这也是临床医师在使用TXA时的重要关注点之一。有研究[25]发现,TXA在体内仅维持数小时的抗纤溶作用,主要通过稳定手术部位血凝块而产生止血疗效,不会导致血栓形成。一项荟萃分析[26]显示,高剂量TXA减少脊柱手术围手术期出血量的效果更为肯定,同时不增加血栓形成风险。本研究也得到相同结论,3组患者手术前后凝血功能、肝肾功能指标均在正常范围内,表明TXA的应用对凝血因子、肝肾功能无明显影响,术后随访亦未发现严重不良事件,表明本研究抗纤溶治疗方案安全性较高。
本研究存在样本量较小、单中心、选择偏倚等局限性,结论尚需进一步研究证实。另外,是否可以应用更高剂量的TXA以获得更佳的止血效果而不增加潜在血栓形成风险,也值得探讨。综上,术前TXA足够剂量静脉滴注可取得与首次负荷量联合术中维持量静脉滴注相同的止血效果,且术前单剂量静脉滴注在操作上更为简便,值得临床推广应用。
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