袁湘华
云南省昆明市华山眼科医院眼科,云南昆明 650032
[摘要] 目的 探讨小儿肌性斜颈和眼性斜颈的鉴别诊断与手术治疗。方法 通过对在该院进行治疗的60例肌性斜颈和眼性斜颈患儿,根据病情进行分组,每组为30例患者,患儿经彩色超声和眼科检查,按照患儿病情采取手术治疗。观察比较两组患儿的临床检查结果和治疗效果,同时对患儿的面容和颈部功能进行分析。 结果 肌性斜颈患儿胸锁乳突肌明显增厚,回声加强,边界不清晰,病变区域血流量减少。眼性斜颈患儿胸锁乳突肌检查正常,内部条纹整齐规则,血流信号丰富;眼性斜颈患儿眼肌麻痹,14例患儿上斜肌麻痹,16例患儿上直肌麻痹;肌性斜颈组患儿与眼性斜颈组患儿治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肌性斜颈组患儿的面容和颈部功能较眼性斜颈组患儿明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 彩色超声和眼科检查可以有效鉴别小儿肌性斜颈和眼性斜颈,根据患儿病情采取手术治疗,可以获得良好的治疗效果,肌性斜颈的预后较眼性斜颈预后略增强。
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关键词 小儿肌性斜颈;小儿眼性斜颈;鉴别诊断;手术治疗
[中图分类号] R726.8 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2014)06(c)-0039-02
Discussion on the Differential Diagnosis Between Pediatric Muscular Torticollis and Pediatric Ocular Torticollis and the Surgical Treatment
YUAN Xianghua
Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Eye Hospital in Yunnan Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the differential diagnosis between pediatric muscular torticollis and pediatric ocular torticollis and the surgical treatment. Methods 60 cases of children with muscular torticollis or ocular torticollis treated in our hospital from June, 2011 to June, 2013 were divided into two groups with 30 cases in each according to the state of illness. Color Doppler ultrasound and ophthalmologic examination were performed in the patients. And surgical treatment was given to the patients according to the patient´s condition. The results of clinical examination and treatment effect of two groups of children were observed and compared, and the face and neck functions of the children were analyzed. Results The sternocleidomastoid muscle examination of children with muscular torticollis thickened significantly with strengthened echo, unclear boundary, and reduction of blood flow in the lesion area. The sternocleidomastoid muscle examination of children with ocular torticollis was normal with internal neat and regular stripes and rich blood flow signals; ophthalmoparalysis was found in the children with ocular torticollis, 14 patients with superior oblique palsy, and 16 cases of children with the superior rectus paralysis; the difference in treatment effect between pediatric muscular torticollis group and pediatric ocular torticollis group was not statistically significant(P>0.05); compared with the pediatric ocular torticollis group, the face and neck functions in children with muscular torticollis group improved more significantly, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Color Doppler ultrasound and ophthalmologic examination can effectively differentiate between pediatric muscular torticollis and pediatric ocular torticollis, the children can be given surgical treatment based on the state of the illness so that good treatment effect can be achieved, and the prognosis of muscular torticollis is slightly better than that of ocular torticollis.
[Key words] Pediatric muscular torticollis; Pediatric ocular torticollis; Differential diagnosis; Surgical treatment
[作者简介] 袁湘华(1977.12-),女,湖南祁阳人,研究生,主治医师,研究方向:眼屈光学和小儿眼科。
小儿肌性斜颈和眼性斜颈为临床常见病和多发病,目前呈现增加趋势[1]。小儿肌性斜颈临床表现为头向患侧歪斜,面部转至健侧,患儿颈部表现梭形肿块,影响转颈,继而患儿面部表现不对称,颈椎和胸椎弯曲[2]。超声对小儿肌性斜颈诊断具有十分重要的临床意义。眼性斜颈是因眼部肌肉麻痹引起头位变化,影响患儿颜面和脊柱的发育。患儿由于年龄小不能及时配合治疗,影响诊断和治疗效果。早期的诊断和治疗,提高患儿生活质量,改善预后[3]。该研究通过对2011年6月—2013年6月在该院进行治疗的60例肌性斜颈和眼性斜颈患儿进行分组,讨论小儿肌性斜颈和眼性斜颈的鉴别诊断与手术治疗,报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取在该院进行治疗的60例肌性斜颈和眼性斜颈患儿,根据病情进行分组,每组患儿均为30例。其中肌性斜颈组男性患儿17例,女性患儿13例,年龄为9个月~6岁,平均年龄为(4.47±1.36)岁;对照组男性患儿14例,女性患儿16例,年龄为10个月~7岁,平均年龄为(4.97±1.65)岁。
1.2 方法
所有患儿均进行彩色超声和眼科检查,运用西门子(型号为S2000)彩色超声诊断仪诊断,患儿取平卧位,探头扫查胸锁乳突肌。检查眼肌,运用TSJ-IV同视检查仪,观察眼肌斜视情况。肌性斜颈组患儿给予胸锁乳突肌切断术,眼性斜颈组患儿给予下斜肌后徙术。
1.3 观察指标
观察比较两组患儿的临床检查结果和治疗效果,同时对患儿的面容和颈部功能进行分析。肌性斜颈疗效判定标准[4]:①治愈:患儿头颈部可长时间保持中立位,可自由旋转,旋转幅度正常;②有效:患儿头颈部可保持中立位,轻度斜颈,可自由旋转,旋转幅度基本正常;③无效:患儿颈部不可保持中立位,出现斜颈畸形。眼性斜颈疗效判定标准[5]:①治愈:斜视角、代偿头位消失,经检查Bielschowsky为阴性;②有效:斜视角<5°、轻度头偏斜,经检查Bielschowsky为阴性;③无效:斜视角15°以上,代偿头位明显,经检查Bielschowsky为阳性。
1.4 统计方法
数据资料利用SPSS15.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验。
2 结果
2.1 彩色超声检查结果
肌性斜颈患儿胸锁乳突肌明显增厚,回声加强,边界不清晰,病变区域血流量减少。眼性斜颈患儿胸锁乳突肌检查正常,内部条纹整齐规则,血流信号丰富。
2.2 眼科检查结果
眼性斜颈患儿眼肌麻痹,14例患儿上斜肌麻痹,16例患儿上直肌麻痹。
2.3 两组患儿治疗效果对比
肌性斜颈组患儿与眼性斜颈组患儿治疗效果未见显著性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
2.4 两组患儿面容和颈部功能对比
肌性斜颈组患儿的面容和颈部功能较眼性斜颈组患儿明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
3 讨论
肌性斜颈是因胸锁乳突肌挛缩引起头部偏斜,随着患儿发育表现为头部畸。目前肌性斜颈的发病机制尚未完全明确,研究显示[6-8],细胞凋亡学说同肌性斜颈密切相关,分娩时难产、剖宫产等因素是导致肌性斜颈的重要因素。患儿的临床表现为出现质地较硬,圆形的肿块,肿块边缘清晰,胸锁乳突肌导致肌肉痉挛[9]。眼性斜颈是由于眼部肌肉麻痹导致患儿为保证良好视觉效果,引起头向一侧偏斜,患儿年龄越小,对患儿的危害越大,影响患儿面部对称,视力和颈椎发育[10]。早期的诊断和治疗对改善患儿视力和面部外观具有重要的临床意义。
该研究显示,肌性斜颈患儿胸锁乳突肌明显增厚,回声加强,边界不清晰,病变区域血流量减少。眼性斜颈患儿胸锁乳突肌检查正常,内部条纹整齐规则,血流信号丰富;肌性斜颈组患儿与眼性斜颈组患儿治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肌性斜颈组患儿的面容和颈部功能较眼性斜颈组患儿明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。该研究结果同文献报道的结果进行对比基本相符得到下述结论:肌性斜颈同眼性斜颈运用彩超、眼底检查鉴别,两种疾病患儿手术时间的选择对治疗效果和预后均有十分重要的意义。
综上所述,彩色超声检查和眼科检查可以区分肌性斜颈和眼性斜颈,根据患儿的病情采取相应的手术治疗,可获得良好的治疗效果,其中肌性斜颈的预后较眼性斜颈略佳。
教育期刊网 http://www.jyqkw.com
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(收稿日期:2014-03-30)